Scientific dossier / public reading

DK / EVIDENCE SYSTEM

Evidence.
No shortcuts.

Explore the scientific references and technical dimensions guiding our product conversations. Program-specific information is addressed directly with partners.

— 01Classification system

The nature of the source comes before the conclusion.

[LIT]

Published literature

External articles, reviews and technical documents. An ingredient source is not a formulation result.

[HYP]

Mechanistic hypothesis

A plausible bridge between mechanism and application. Requires a defined experiment before being treated as a conclusion.

[DATA]

Specific data

Documented results for the technology, process or formulation in question, linked to an accessible source and the object studied.

[REG]

Regulatory context

Rules, classification and communication limits. Not equivalent to product approval.

Evidence level01 / Ingredient02 / Formulation03 / Process04 / Product05 / Human population

Level describes what was studied, not an automatic quality ranking. An ingredient meta-analysis remains at ingredient level; a process protocol is not clinical data.

Technical reading glossary

NM-mRNA: A product-system design approach considering mRNA payload, composition, process, quality and transfer together; it is not a clinical result.
Payload: The molecular cargo considered in a delivery-system design; its properties and behavior must be characterized for each application.
PDI: Polydispersity index: a measure of the particle-size distribution in a sample, interpreted alongside the method and context.
Zeta potential: An electrokinetic measurement used to characterize dispersions; on its own it does not demonstrate product stability or performance.

— 02Current reading

Science guiding product design.

Literature describes mechanisms and ingredient results under specific conditions. Transferring those findings to EPITIDE™ DK-7.4 or NM-mRNA is a program question, not an automatic inference.

LIT · INGREDIENT

Leucine and nutritional regulation of mTORC1: a mechanism discussed in the literature.

FORMULATION

Phospholipid organization, composition and stability are dimensions of formulation analysis.

PRODUCT / PROCESS

Methods, critical attributes and specific data are part of technical diligence for each application.

— 04Measurement plan

An application-led method.

Matrix and identity

Declared composition, ingredient identity, particle size, distribution, PDI, zeta potential and microscopy where relevant.

Define what the formulation is before comparing performance.

Delivery and stability

Encapsulation efficiency, integrity, degradation, packaging, storage conditions and defined timepoints.

Test consistency and shelf life in the actual configuration.

Exposure and function

Comparative method, pharmacokinetics or bioavailability where applicable, biomarkers and prespecified endpoints.

Determine whether the mechanistic hypothesis yields measurable exposure and response.

Human program

Population, dose, duration, comparator, safety and statistical analysis appropriate to the intended claim.

Separate an early signal from clinical evidence attributable to the product.

The evaluation design is specific to the product, route and jurisdiction; scope and technical materials are discussed with partners.

— 05Annotated library

References, with boundaries.

Each annotation identifies what was studied and its relevance. Consult the full article for dose, duration, results and limitations; details absent from the source are not inferred.

LIT · INGREDIENTLiterature review

Leucine / muscle metabolism

A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states.

Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. Clinical Nutrition, 2023; 42(10):1849–1865.

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010

Population / scopeAgeing, exercise and unloading; not a DK-7.4 trial.

Claim boundaryDoes not establish a universal 2.5 g threshold or a 3× product effect.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTMeta-analysis of oral supplementation

HMB / mass and strength

Effects of oral supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on muscle mass and strength in individuals over the age of 50: a meta-analysis.

Li N, Wu X, Zhuang W, et al. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2025; 12:1522287.

doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1522287

Population / scope21 randomized trials; 1,935 participants over 50. Pooled analysis: +0.28 kg lean mass and +1.56 kg appendicular mass for isolated HMB.

Claim boundaryPooled estimates for isolated HMB; not effects of DK-7.4 or any combination.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTSystematic review of randomized trials

Phosphatidylserine / performance

The effect of phosphatidylserine supplementation on athletic performance: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

Welch J, Bashir H, Daniels S. Journal of Sports Science and Nutrition, 2023; 4(2):170–175.

doi:10.33545/27077012.2023.v4.i2c.209

Population / scopeAthletic performance in the included studies.

Claim boundaryThe review finds insufficient evidence for firm endorsement; it does not support a ~30% cortisol reduction or a DK-7.4 result.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTMechanistic study

Exercise, leucine and mTORC1

Resistance exercise enhances long-term mTORC1 sensitivity to leucine.

D'Hulst G, De Bock K. Molecular Metabolism, 2022; 66:101615.

doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101615

Population / scopemTORC1 sensitivity after resistance exercise.

Claim boundaryMechanistic signaling does not demonstrate a clinical benefit of the formulation.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTSystematic review of associations

Leucine / muscle protein synthesis

Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review.

Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Physiological Reports, 2023; 11(15):e15775.

doi:10.14814/phy2.15775

Population / scopePostprandial and postexercise protein-synthesis rates.

Claim boundaryThe review found no leucine threshold in older adults; it does not verify bioavailability of the DK-7.4 matrix.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTMolecular regulation study

Leucine, glutamine and mTORC1

Differential regulation of mTORC1 by leucine and glutamine.

Jewell JL, Kim YC, Russell RC, Yu FX, Park HW, Plouffe SW, Tagliabracci VS, Guan KL. Science, 2015; 347(6218):194–198.

doi:10.1126/science.1259472

Population / scopeCellular pathways regulating mTORC1.

Claim boundaryA molecular model is not functional evaluation in people using the product.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTScientific position stand

Creatine / safety and efficacy

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine.

Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, Candow DG, Kleiner SM, Almada AL, Lopez HL. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2017; 14:18.

doi:10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z

Population / scopeExercise, sport and medicine in creatine literature.

Claim boundaryConclusions about creatine do not validate combination safety or absence of interactions.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

LIT · INGREDIENTIsotopic analysis

Leucine metabolism

Isotopic analysis of leucine and urea metabolism in exercising humans.

Wolfe RR, Goodenough RD, Wolfe MH, Royle GT, Nadel ER. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, 1982; 52(2):458–466.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.52.2.458

Population / scopeLeucine and urea metabolism during exercise in humans.

Claim boundaryDoes not support universal 45–55% splanchnic extraction, a liposomal-delivery advantage or DK-7.4 absorption.

Dose and duration: consult the full text; not inferred when absent from the record. Magnitudes appear above only where specifically verified.

— 06Documentstion and review

Explore. Then connect.

Explore the public materials and request a conversation about your application:

SCIENCE / PUBLIC

DOI bibliography and critical reading above.

PLATFORM / PUBLIC

NM-mRNA architecture and product-engineering dimensions.

PRODUCT / PUBLIC

Public EPITIDE™ DK-7.4 formulation information on the site.

Additional technical materials may be discussed according to the collaboration scope and sharing terms.